Participation in Seminar in 2007

I have participated in the 4^th International congress of Traditional Medicine Seminar 2007 which was organized by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies and hosted by Singapore Chinese Physicians’ Association. The seminar was held in Suntec City in Singapore from 17^th to 19th November 2007. The aim of the seminar was to encourage creativity and development of Traditional Chinese Medicine to improve the health of mankind.

The topic of my journal was “现代医学对视网膜色素变性实验研究的最新动态”.

The content of my journal is as follows:

现代医学对视网膜色素变性实验研究的最新动态

王瑞玲中医医学博士

中国南京中医大学医学博士

     Journal Nature^[32]于2006年11月8日报导Robert Maclaren与他的团对通过植入即将成为光感细胞的干细胞在老鼠的视网膜替代已受损伤的光感受器细胞, 结果发现它们的眼睛恢复视觉。这是第一次成功的的通过移植手术使老鼠眼睛恢复视觉。这也是给视网膜色素变性与老年黄斑变性的患者带来一线希望。Robert Maclaren 是一位临床科学家,现任职于Institure of Ophthalmology, London,England,同时也是Moorfields Eye Hopital, London, England的眼科外科医生。他描述这是眼科领域里一项重大的里程碑,就象第一次成功的进行心脏移植手术一样。此项研究是由英国的医学研究学会(UK’s Medical Research Council)赞助。在这次的研究,他们把即将成为光感细胞的干细胞植入病变的老鼠眼睛,在宿主视网膜成功的建立有效的,足够的联系而产生光感。以前也有科学家尝试把光感受器细胞从健康的眼睛植入病变的眼睛,但未能成功。Maclaren 认为手术成功的关键在于移植手术时植入的干细胞已停止分化以及在干细胞开始变成光感细胞前进行植入。Robert Lanza (Advanced Cell technology的研究与科学发展副总理)认为在实验室制造移植细胞已不成问题,已经能成功的把人的胚胎干细胞分化成光感细胞。Advanced Cell Techology 的研究也提示人的上皮细胞,能濡养视网膜里的光感细胞,亦能防止他们继续退化。Maclaren说有实验研究证明干细胞(stem cell-like cells)存在于成人的眼里,可以从患者身上获取,然后在他们分化成光感细胞后重植于视网膜。他说视网膜下腔是免疫赦免区域，排斥的机率减小,患者也不需要服抑制免疫力的药,使得人类的视网膜移植的成功有望成为现实。

        Johan Wassélius 与 Fredrik Ghosh^[33]研究视网膜移植,他们用vitrectomy技术把成年兔子视网膜移植到23只兔子的视网膜。 成年兔子的视网膜是用体外培植。所有移植物用4’, 6-diaminidin-2-phenylindoldihydrochloride (DAPI) 来标记。手术6到174天后,用光和荧光显微法观察眼睛。实验研究结果提示，21只兔子成长的 兔子视网膜移植物可以在宿主中存活,其中16个移植物有 174天存活时间,并显示的正常形态学。但他们必须生理优化情况下进行,体外培植方法也必须严格处理。

         Rick Weiss^[34]报道有研究者Proceedings of the National academy of sciences (Vol.84,No.19) 进行中脑神经元(midbrain neural transplants)移植实验研究发现小鼠的眼睛在受到光的照射,会出现视觉反射反应。这提示视网膜里的光感受器细胞通过神精元的传递把信息传到脑部。在文献(SN:2/28/87,p.135)里也已报道在适当的情况下被移植的神经元是可以在宿主视网膜里生存与生长。另在文献(SN:7/11/87,p.22)中也报道有些被移植的纤维组织,可以分泌化学物质来影响神经元的功能。但这些研究未能证实被移植的神经元与其靶细胞之间的信息传道途径已被重建。

         有报道^[35] Dr. Norman Radtke,MD, of the Retinal vitreous Resource Center at Norton Audubon Hospital in Lousville 对13位病人进行视网膜移植手术治疗。 Elizabeth Bryant of Louisville,Ky是其中一位65岁女性视网膜色素变性病患者。他们将1.5x3.1毫米的胎儿神经元视网膜(1.5x3.1 millimeter sheet of fetal neural retina) 移植到她的左眼。手术后的两年两个月,她的视敏度从20/800提高至20/200, 能看到大字,缝纫以及画陶瓷器。在一年内视敏度持续保持在20/200。他们认为移植手术成功可是移植物对宿主的锥细胞产生营养作用(Trophic effect)，或者由于移植物与宿主视网膜之间有神经突触的连接。他们植入完好胚胎神经元视网膜以及与它的毗邻的视网膜色素上皮细胞于宿主的视网膜下层窝的下面以及在感觉神经元视网膜与视网膜色素上皮细胞之间。他们使用一台特制的工具加上一个扁平的130角度的塑料喷嘴(nozzle)。胚胎干细胞是由已经决定结束怀孕的妇女供应。胚胎视网膜片兼有视网膜的结构及自然生化的物质。最近,有研究^[36]提示人类终身的视网膜里的睫状体边缘(ciliary margin) 含有干细胞并可分化成各种类型视网膜细胞。

据美联社2月27日报道^[37]，美国研究人员试图在猫的眼部植入芯片，来寻找治疗色素性视网膜炎的新方法。

  在美国密苏里州的一家医院里，密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的动物眼科学家克里斯蒂娜·纳尔夫斯特罗姆博士,正进行一研究项目, 把直径2毫米的硅质芯片(由美国伊利诺伊州的一家生物研发公司研制) 植入 一只4岁大的小猫。芯片需要被植入眼球后方。每个芯片表面都覆盖着5000个可对光线作出反应的微型感光装置，并将图像转为电信号传送至大脑神经系统。除了能够延缓疾病的恶化，研究还显示，这种芯片产生的电流能促进周围已损伤的感光细胞，使其再生。
纳尔夫斯特罗姆博士说: “猫扮演了极为重要的角色。猫眼的结构与人眼十分相似，而且它患色素性视网膜炎后，其病程和预后，也与人相似。利用它来进行试验，还能让医生们有更多机会，学习如何植入芯片。”   据了解，早先的动物试验已经取得了可喜的成绩。如今，纳尔夫斯特罗姆开始将芯片植入一些患者体内。目前已有30名患者安装了这种芯片。这些患者的视力都得到了一定程度的改善，至少减缓了疾病恶化的速度。

参考文献

1.     王宁。视网膜移植治疗视网膜色素变性的研究进展。国外医学眼科学分册，2001；25(1) 28~31.

2.     Gouras P et al. Curr Eye Res, 1985;4:253. Gouras PG, Flood MT, Kjeldbye IL, Bilck MK and Eggers H. Transplantation of cultured   human retinal epithelium to Bruch's membrane of the owl monkey's eye. Curr Eye Res  1985; 4: 253-265.

3.     Kwan ASL et al. Exp Neurol, 1999;159:21~33.Kwan ASL, Wang S, Lund RD. Photoreceptor layer reconstruction in a rodent model of retinal degeneration. Exp Neurol 1999;159:21-33.

4.     Gouras P et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:3145. Gouras P, Du J, Kjeldbye H, Yamamoto S,Zack DJ. Long-term photoreceptor transplants in dystrophic and normal mouse retina. Invest phthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:3145-3153

5.     Seiler MJ et al. Curr Eye Res, 1955;14:199~207.

    6．  Lopez R et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1989;30:586~588.Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration in the RCS rat  (Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol 30, 586-588, Copyright ? 1989 by  Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, R Lopez, P Gouras, H Kjeldbye, B  Sullivan, V Reppucci, M Brittis, F Wapner and E Goluboff Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York, New York.)

7.     Das TP et al. Invest ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1998;37:458

8.    Nagata T et al. J Ophthalmol, 1996;40:397.Nagata T, Wantanabe I. Optic sharp edge or  convexity: comparison of effects on posterior capsular opacification. Jpn J Ophthalmol  1996;40:397-403

    9.     Nagata T et al. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1998;14:367.Nagata T, Minakata A, Watanabe I. Adhesiveness of acrysof to a collagen film. J Cataract Refract Surg 1998;24:367-370.

10.   Oshika T et al. J Ophthalmol, 1998;82:549.Oshika T., Nagata T., Ishii Y. Adhesion of capsule to intraocular lens of  polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and acrylic foldable materials: an experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82:549-553.

11.   Bruun A, Ghosh F, Ehinger B, et al.Immunohistochemistry of laminated retinal transplants [J].IOVS 1998;39(4) S95.

12.   Prez MTR, Zhang Y, Ehinger B. Nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry reveals hostgraft connections in retinal transplants [J] .IVOS 1998;39(4) : S93.

13.   Bergstrom A, Ehinger B, Wilke K, et al. Development of cell   markers in  subretinal rabbit retinal transplants [J] .Exp Eye Res 1994; 58(3) 301-313.

14.   Hung JC, Ishida M, Hersh P, et al. Preparation and transplantation of photoreceptor  sheets [J] .Curr Eye Res 1998;17(6)573-585.

15.   Mohand-Said S, Hicks D, Simonutfi M, et al. Photoreceptor transplants increase host cone survival in the retinal  degeneraion (rd)mouse [J] .Ophthalmic Res 1997;29(5) 290-297.

16.   Klasen H, Lund RD.Anatomical and behavioral correlates of a xenograft-mediated pupillary reflex [J] .Exp Neuro 1988;102(1)102 -108.

17.   Del Cerro M, Shrager PG, Gullapalli VK, et al. Subretinal  transplantation of schwann cells [J] .IVOS 1998;39(4)S93.

    18.   Yang Zhi-kuan杨智宽, GE Jian, LIU Hai-quan, GUO Yan, The Effects of Schwann Cells on Promoting Neurite Growth of Rat Retinal Neurons.中国博士后科学研究基金资助项目(1999年17号).

19.   Fukuda Y, Watanabe M, Sawai H, Miyoshi T. Vision Res. 1998 May;38(10):1545-53.Functional  recovery of vision in regenerated optic nerve fibers.

20.   Fukuda Y, Watanabe M, Sawai H, et al. Function recovery of vision in regenerated optic nerve   fibers [J] .Vision Res 1998;38(10) 1545-1550.

21.   邓新国。X连锁和双基因型视网膜色素变性的相关基因研究进展。眼科新进展. 2002 ；22(3)209~211。

22.   Blomer U et al.Hum Mol Genet,1996;5:1397  

23.   Ali RR et al.Br J Ophthalmol,1997;81:795

24.   Taimai M.Nippon Ganka Zasshi,1996;100(12):982

25.   Trono D et al.Gene Ther,2000;7(1):20

26.   惠延年，王静波，王琳等。人工视网膜的研究进展。眼科新进展，2003；23(2) 73~75。

27.   张杰，裴学涛，单清，钱焕文。干细胞治疗视网膜疾病的研究进展。眼科新进展。2002；22(3) 216~218。

28.   David MC, Jim AR, James ET, Turner-Iqbal A. Survival and  differentation of cultured retinal   progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat [J]. BBRC 2000；268:842-846.

    29.   Vincent T, Brenda LKC, bernard JC, Horsford DJ, Andrew JE, Roderick RM, et al. Retinal stem cells in the adult mam-malian eye [J]. Science 2000;287(17):2032-2036.

30.   王宏彬，向里南，史淑荣，胡泳霞，王育红。脉络膜再血管化治 疗视网膜色素变性的研究。中国实用眼科杂志，2001，19(7)  11~513。

31.   于钢，王民秀，刘秀文，兰志辉，薄爱华。脉络膜血管重建治疗视网膜色素变性。中国实用眼科杂志，2002；20(7) 502~504.

32.   Gareth Cook. Blind Mice see after cell transplant. Journal Nature,November 9,2006.

33.  Johan Wassélius and Fredrik Ghosh.  Adult Rabbit Retinal Transplants, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001;42:2632-2638.

34.   Rick Weiss. Retinal transplant restores rat reflex. Science News, Oct 17,1987.

35.   Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(8):1159-1165.

36.   Coles B.L. et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(44):15772-15777. Epub 2004 Oct 25.

37.   jove 编辑.  猫眼芯片让人重见光明. 生命时报.  March 06, 2007

Here are some of the photos taken during the seminar:

                                      Dr. Ong Swee Ling's power point presentation on
                     "现代医学对视网膜色素变性实验研究的最新动态"

                                     Presentation of participation certificate
                                     by the Chairman to Dr.Ong Swee Ling

藏慧丽博士,李金龙教授 and Dr.Ong Swee Ling

                                       负责人,吴敏教授与Dr.Ong Swee Ling

                                      藏慧丽博士and Dr.Ong Swee Ling

                                      Dr.Ong Swee Ling

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Forty Types of illnesses/cases    

1) Skin diseases—Eczema (湿疹), Atopic Dermatitis(变应性湿疹);  
2)  Hidradenititis Suppurativa (化脓性汗腺炎);
3)  Hives, Urticaria (荨麻疹);
4) Shingles (带状疱疹), Herpes Zoster, Postherpetic Neuralgia (带状疱疹神经痛);
5) Acne, pimples (痤疮), rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis (脂溢性皮炎;
6) Psoriasis (银屑病);
7) Hair Loss (脱发), Alopecia Areata (鬼剃头), Baldness (光秃);
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9) Retinitis Pigmentosa RP (视网膜色素变性), Night Blindness (夜盲症), 

           Age-related Macular Degeneration AMD (老年性视网膜病变), 
           Retinal Degeneration (视网膜退化病变);
     10)  Glaucoma (青光眼), Cataract (白内障), Dropping Eye Lids (眼睑下垂);
     11)  Dry Eyes (干眼症), Itchy Eyes (眼痒症) , Eye Discharge (眼屎);
     12) Gastritis (胃炎), Bloatedness (胃胀), Flatulence (胀气);
     13)  Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS (过敏性肠综合症);
     14)  Infertility (不孕不育) , Menstrual Pain (经痛), Irregular Menstruation (月经不调), Amenorrhea (闭经);
 15)  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PCOS (多囊卵巢综合症), Cervical Polyps (宫颈息肉),

             Endometriosis (子宫内膜异位症),Fibroids (子宫肌瘤;)
     16)  Cancer (肿瘤癌症)- Lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, nose cancer, 

            breast cancer, womb cancer, ovary cancer, stomach cancer;
      17)  Sprain and Injuries (铁打损伤);
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      Neck Pain (Cervical Spondylosis)(颈项痛, 颈椎病);

      19)  Knee Pain (膝盖痛), Swollen Knee (膝盖肿痛);
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      22)  Asthma ( 哮喘 ), Sinusitis (鼻窦炎 ), Rhinitis (鼻炎), Breathing Difficulties  (呼吸困难);
      23)  Rheumatoid Arthritis (类风湿关节炎), Osteoarthritis (骨性关节炎), Arthritis (关节炎);
      24)  Constipation (便秘) for Adults and Children;
      25)  Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Diabetes (糖尿病);
      26)  Hypertension (高血压);
      27)  Urinary Infection (尿道感染), Frequency of Urine (尿频);
      28)  Insomnia (不寐 ), Anxiety (焦虑), Depression (忧郁症);
      29)  Goiter (瘿瘤), Hyperthyroidism (甲状腺亢进), Hypothyroidism (甲状腺低下 ).

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